Yoruba for Academic Purpose: Kémísìrì fún Alákọ́ọ̀bẹ̀rẹ̀ (Chemistry for Beginners): Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kejì (Second Lecture)

L.O. Adéwọlé àti A.A. Fábẹkú

Ní ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ kìíní, àwọn ohun tí a mẹnu bà ni ẹ̀dá, ìwọ̀n, ìwúwo àti àwo.n àbùdá ẹ̀dá òde. Nínú idànilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ yìí, àwọn àbùdá inú tí ẹ̀dá ní ni a ó fi bẹ̀rẹ̀.

Àwọn Àbùdá Inú tí Ẹ̀dá Ní[1]

Àwọn àbùdá inú tí ẹ̀dá ní ni ó máa ń kópa nígbà tí ẹ̀dá kan ba ń yí padà di ohun tuntun mìíràn tàbí nígbà tí ẹ̀dá bá gbé ìwà ọtun mìíràn wọ̀. Àbùdá òde[2] kì í fún wa ní ẹ̀dá tuntun. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, nígbà tí omi bá dì (tí ó di áísì bulọọ̀kù), omi ni. Nígbà tí omi bá di afẹ́fẹ́ (tí ó di gáàsì), omi náà ni. Bí omi bá dì, bí ó bá dé ọ̀gangan yíyọ́[3], yóò tún di omi padà. Bí omi bá di afẹ́fẹ́ (gáàsì), yóò di omi padà bí ìgbóná[4] bá wá sílẹ̀. Omi tí ó dì àti omi tí ó di afẹ́fẹ́ (gáàsì), abẹ́ àbùdá òde ni gbogbo iṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀. Omi yìí kò yí padà di ẹ̀dá tuntun ṣùgbọn ní ti àbùdá inú, ẹ̀dá tuntun mìíràn ni ó máa ń wáyé. Ẹ̀dá tuntun yìí yóò sì yàtọ̀ sí ti tẹ́lẹ̀. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, bí a bá jó igi ní inú iná, ẹ̀dá tuntun tí igi yìí yóò yí padà sí yóò yàtọ̀ sí tit ẹ́lẹ̀. Èjíjó igi yìí yóò yàtọ̀ sí bí ó ti rí tẹ́lẹ̀ nípa ìrísí, nípa àwọ̀ àti nípa àwo.n ìwà mìíràn. Bákan náà, bí irin bá dípẹtà[5], yóò yàtọ̀ sí bí ó ṣe wà tẹ́lẹ̀ nípa àwọ̀, irísí, àti àwo.n ìwà mìíràn. A ó máa ṣe ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́ àlàyé nípa àwọn àbùdá inú àti àbùdá òde nínú àwọn ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ mìíràn tí a ó ṣe ní iwájú.

Àwọn Àmì[6] Èròjà Ẹ̀dá[7] àti Ìgbékalẹ̀[8] Wọn (Ọmọlẹ̀[9])

Nínú Kẹ́mísírì, àwọn àwọn èròjà ẹ̀dá[10] ni a ń pè ní omi ìṣẹ̀dá[11] èyí tí ò lè jẹ́ ọmọlẹ̀ tàbí àdìpọ̀[12]. Àmì (symbol) ni ó máa ń dúró èròjà ẹ̀dá (matter). Ó máa ń rọrùn fún wa láti jẹ́ kí lẹ́tà ìbẹ̀ẹ̀rẹ̀ (initial letter) ọmọlẹ̀ (element) dúró gẹ́gẹ́ bí àmì ọmọlẹ̀ náà. Bí ìkọlura bá fẹ́ wà, a máa ń lo lẹ́tà méjì. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, lẹ́tà kan náà ni ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ Hydrogen[13] àti Helium[14]Bí wọ́n ṣe yanjú ìkọlura yìí ni pé H ni ó dúró fún hydrogen nígbà tí He sì dúró fún Helium. Lẹ́tà kejì tí a bá lò yìí gbọ́dọ̀ rọrùn láti ṣe àtapò (association) rẹ̀ dé ara lẹ́tà ọmọlẹ̀ (element) náà. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ọmọlẹ̀ (element) oní-lẹ́tà méjì ni:tellurium (Te), technetium (Tc) àti Terbium (Tb). Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn ọmọlẹ̀ (element) wọ̀nyí ní ó jẹ pé orúkọ Látìnì ni wọ́n fún wọn ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀. Ara orúkọ Látìnì yìí sì ni àwọn àmì (symbol) wọn ti jẹ yọ. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni Cu, copper (cuprum); Na, sodium (natrium); Fe, iron (ferrum); Ag, silver (argentums); Sn, tin (stannum); Au, gold (Aurum); K, potassium (Kalimu).

Ó yẹ kí a ṣe àkíyèsí pé nígbà tí a bá lo lẹ́tà méjì fún láti dúró fún ọmọlẹ̀ (element) kan, lẹ́tà àkọ́kọ́ máa ń jẹ́ lẹ́tà ńlá (capital letter.upper case) lẹ́tà kejì sì máa ń jẹ́ létà kékeré (lower case/small letter).

Ìtọ́ka[15] Àwọn Ọmọlẹ̀ tí ó wọ́pọ̀ Jù àti Àwọn Àmi wọn

Àwọn ọ̀mọ̀lé tí ó wópọ̀ ju nínú ààtò àtẹ ọ̀mọ̀lé (period table) ni a ṣe ìtóka sí ìsàlẹ̀ yìí. Àwọn mẹ́rìndínlógún tí ó ṣe pàtàkì jù ni a fi ṣáájú.

Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 1: Hydrogen [H]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 2: Helium [He]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 3: Lithium [Li] Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 4: Beryllium [Be] Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 5: Boron [B]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 6: Carbon [C]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 7: Nitrogen [N]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 8: Oxygen [O]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 9: Fluorine [F]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 10: Neon [Ne]; (Ọmọlẹ̀ Element) 11: Sodium [Na]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 12: Magnesium [Mg]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 13: Aluminum [Al]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 14: Silicon [Si]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 15: Phosphorus [P]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 16: Sulfur [S]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 17: Chlorine [Cl]; Ọmọlẹ̀ (Element) 18: Argon [Ar].

Alàyé Sánpọ́n-ná nípa Díẹ̀ lára àwọn Ọ̀mọ̀lé Wọ̀nyí

Lithium [Li]: Fàdákà (sílífà) rírọ̀ kan tí ó jẹ́ alùgbinrin (tí ó ń dún bí irin).

Carbon [C]: Kẹ́mìka ohun-èdá (substance) kan tí kò díjú tí ó jẹ́ pé ní ògidì rẹ̀, dáyámọ́ǹdì (diamond) ni tàbí gíráfáìtì (graphite)[16].

Nitrogen [N]: Gáàsì kan tí kò ní àwọ̀ (clour) tàbí ìtọ́wò (taste). Òun ni ó kó ìdáméjì dín láàádọ̀rin (78%) òfuurufú ó sì wà lára gbogbo ohun tí ó bá wà láàyè.

Oxygen [O]: Gáàsì kan tí kò ní àwọ̀ (colour) tí ó jẹ́ pé òun ni ó pọ̀ jù nínú afẹ́fẹ́ inú ayé tí ènìyàn, ẹranko àti ewéko nílò láti wà láàyè.

Fluorine [F]: Gáàsì kan tí ó jẹ́ májèlé tí ó ní àwọ̀ òfeefèé tí àwọ̀ òfeefèé náà sì rí fẹ́ẹ́rẹ́fẹ́ (pale yellow).

Neon [Neon]: Gáàsì kan tí kò ní àwọ̀ (colour) tàbí ìtọ́wò (taste). Kìí ta ko (react) kẹ́míkà mìíràn. Bí ìṣàn ẹ̀lẹ́ńtíríìkì (electric) bá kọjá lára rẹ̀, ó máa ń mú àwọ̀ pupa tí ó ń dán jáde (it shines red).

Sodium [Na]: Kẹ́míkà rírọ̀ kan aláwọ̀ fàdákà tí ó papọ̀ mọ́ funfun (silver-white) tí a máa ń rí nínú iyọ̀.

Magnesium [Mg]: Ohun-ẹ̀dá (substance) alùgbinrin (metal) aláwọ̀ fàdákà tí ó papọ̀ mọ́ funfun (silver-white) tí ó máa ń jó dáadáa (it burns very brightly). A máa ń lò ó láti fi ṣe báńgà (fireworks).

Aluminium (Bèlẹ̀jẹ́) [Al]: Ohun-ẹ̀dá (substance) kan tí ó jẹ́ alùgbinrin (metal) tí ó ní àwọ̀ fàdákà (silver) tí a maza ń lò, ní pàtàkì, fún nǹkan ìdáná (cooking utensils) tàbí ẹ̀yà ara ẹropíléènì (aircraft).

Silicon [Si]: Ohun-ẹ̀dá (substance) aláwọ̀ eérú (grey) tí a máa ń rí ní àdìpọ̀ pẹ̀lú ọọ́síjìn (oxygen) nínú àwọn kùsà (mineral). Silicon wọ́pọ̀. Ó ní àbùdá ẹ̀lẹ́ńtíríìkì tí ó yàtọ̀ lọ́nà tí ó yani lẹ́nu (an unusual electrical characteristics).

Phosphorus [P]: Ọ̀mọ̀lé (element) tí ó jẹ́ májèlé (poison) tí ó ní àwọ̀ òfeefèé tí ó papọ̀ mọ́ funfun (yellowish-white) tàbí ní ẹ̀ẹ̀kàndọ́gbọ̀n (rarely), ó máa ń ní àwọ̀ pupa tàbí dúdú ó sì máa ń jó tí ó bá wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

Silphur Imí ọjọ́ [S]: Ọ̀mọlẹ̀ (element) aláwọ̀ òfeefèé (yellow) tí ó máa ń wà ní oríṣiríṣi ìrísí àrígbéwọ̀n (physical form). Tí ó bá ń jó, ó máa ń ní àwọ̀ búlúù ó sì máa ń ní òórùn tí ó lágbára. A máa fi ń ṣe oògùn a sì ń lò ó nínú ilé-iṣẹ́ ńláńlá (industry).

Chlorine [CL]: Gáàsì aláwọ̀ òfeefèé tí ó papọ̀ mọ́ àwọ̀ ewé (greenish-yellow) tí ó ní òórùn kan tí ó le tí a máa ń fi sí inú omi láti pa kòkòrò (organism) . Àwọn kòkòrò yìí lè fa àìsàn sí ènìyàn lára.

Argon [Ar]: Ọ̀kan nínú àwọn gáàsì tí a máa ń rí nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni argon. A máa ń lò ó fún ẹ̀lẹ́ńtíríìkì (electric) ní ẹ̀ẹ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan.

Potassium [K]: Ọmọlẹ̀ (element) aláwọ̀ funfun tí ó papọ̀ mọ́ fàdákà (silvery-white) tí ó jẹ́ pé tí a bá pa á pọ̀ mọ́ ọ̀mọ̀lé (element) mìíràn, a máa ń lò ó láti ṣe ọṣẹ, gíláàsì tàbí ajílẹ̀ (fertilizer = ohun-ẹ̀dá (substance) tí ó ń mú ewéko dàgbà).

Calcium [Ca]: Ọ̀mọlẹ̀ (element) kẹ́míkà kan tí ó wà nínú eyín, eegun àti ṣọ́ọ̀kì.

Chromium [Cr]: Ọmọlẹ̀ (element) líle aláwọ̀ aró (blue) tí ó dàpọ̀ mọ́ eérú (blue-grey) tí a máa ń papọ̀ mọ́ ohun-ẹ̀dá mìíràn láti fi ṣe ohun ààbò (covering) fún nǹkan (object).

Manganese [Mn]: Ọmọlẹ̀ alùgbinrin (metallic element) aláwọ̀ funfun tí ó papọ mọ́ eérú tí a máa ń lò tí a bá ń ṣe irin (steel).

Iron [Fe]: Ọmọlẹ̀ alùgbinrin (metallic element) tí ó wọ́pọ̀. Ó ní àwọ̀ fàdákà (silver). Ó ní òǹfà (it is magnetic). Ó le (it is strong). A máa ń rí i ní ìwọ̀nba (very small amount) nínu ẹ̀jẹ̀. Nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀, ó ti máa ń dàpọ̀ mọ́ kémíkà mìíràn, kìí dá wà.

Cobalt [Co]: Alùgbinrin (metal) lílé kan ni cobalt. Àwọ̀ funfun tí ó papọ̀ ṃ́ fàdákà (silvery-whte) ni ó ní. A maza ń dà á pọ̀ (mixture) alùgbinrin (metal) mìíràn láti fi kun nǹkan (material) ní àwọ̀ aró (blue).

Copper [Cu]: Oríṣìí alùgbinrin (metal) kan ni copper. Ó ní àwọ̀ pupa tí ó papọ̀ mọ́ àwọ̀ sányán (reddish-brown). A máa ń lò ó láti fi ṣe wáyà tàbí owó.

Zinc [Zn] Oríṣìí alùgbinrin (metal) kan ni zinc. Ó ní àwọ̀ aró tí ó papọ̀ mọ́ funfun (bluish-white). A máa fi ń rọ àwọn alùgbinrin (metal) mìíràn tàbi kí a fi bo àwọn alùgbinrin (metal) mìíràn fún ìdáàbòbò.

Ìdánrawò

Ìbéèrè

Ka àwọn àmì (symbols) wọ̀nyí kí o sì sọ omi ìṣẹ̀dá ọmọlẹ̀ (chemical elements) tí wọ́n dúró fún:

(i) K (ii) Cr (iii) Mn (iv) Fe (v) Co (vi) Ni (vii) Cu (viii) Zn (ix) Br (x) Ag.

Ìdáhùn

(i) Potassium (ii) Chromium (iii) Manganese (iv) Iron (v) Cobalt (vi) Nickel (vii) Copper (viii) Zinc (ix) Bromine (x) Silver.

[1] Chemical properties of matter ni a pè ní àwọn àbùdá inú tí ẹ̀dá ní.

[2] Physical properties of matter ni a pè ní àbùdá òde tí ẹ̀dá ní.

[3] Melting point ni ọ̀gangan yíyọ́.

[4] Temperature ni a pè ní ìgbóná.

[5] [5] Rust ni a pè ní dípẹtà

[6] Symbol ni a pè ní àmì.

[7] Chemical ni a pè ní omi ìṣẹ̀dá.

[8] Formula ni a pè ní ìgbékalẹ̀

[9] Element ni a pè ní ọmọlẹ̀. Element tàbí ọmọlẹ̀ ni àwọn nǹkan bí àazdọ́fà (110) tí ó mọ́, tí ó jẹ́ ògidì, tí ó pé, tí ó ní wóró (atom) irú tirẹ̀ nìkan, tí kò ní àdàlù, tí a kò lè fọ́ sí wẹ́wẹ́ mọ́ tí ó jẹ́ pé ara wọn ni ohun gbogbo tí ó wà láàyè ti wáyé. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, oríṣi ọmọlẹ̀ kan ni bẹ̀lẹ̀jẹ́ (aluminum) jẹ́.

[10] Matter náà ni a pè ní èròjà ẹ̀dá. Èròjà ẹ̀dá ni àwọn ohun-èdá (substance) tí ó wà ní àgbálá ayé (universe).

[11] Chemical ni a ń pè ní omi ìṣẹ̀dá.

[12] Compound ni a maá ń pè ní àdìpọ̀. Ó máa ń ní ju ọmọlẹ̀ kan lọ. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, àdìpọ̀ ni iyọ̀ (salt). Àwọn nǹkan tí ó para pọ̀ di iyọ̀ ni sódíọ̀mù (sodium) àti kilorín-ìn (chlorine). Sódíọ̀mù ni kẹ́míkà ka tí ó rọ̀ tí ó ní àwọ̀ funfun àti sílífà. Kilorín-ìn ni gáàsì kan aláwọ̀ ewé (green) àti òfeefèé (yellow) tí ó ní òórùn kan tí ó lágbára.

[13] Hydrogen ni gáàsì tí ó fúyẹ́ jù lọ tí kò ní àwọ̀ (clour), tí ó jẹ́ pé bí a tọ́ ọ wò, kò níí jo nǹkan kan lẹ́nu (no taste), tí kò sì ní òórùn (odour) kankan. Hydrogen ni ó máa ń papọ̀ mọ́ oxygen tí ó máa ń di omi.. Gáà sì kan tí kò ní àwọ̀ kankan (colourless) ni oxygen. Òun ni ó pọ̀ jù nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ènìyàn ń mí.

[13] Atom ni a ń pè ní wóró. Wóró (atom) ni a lè pè ní kóró (nucleus) oní-ìkókóró (proton) kan àti èrò òjijì (electron) kan.

[14] Helium ni gáàsì kan tí ó fúyẹ́ ju afẹ́fẹ́ lọ. Kì í jó. Oríṣìí ọmọlẹ̀ (elment) kan ni. A máa ń lò ó nínú bàlúù (balloon) àti oríṣìí àwọn ìmọ́lẹ̀ (light) kan.

[15] List ni a pè ní ìtọ́ka.

[16] Graphite ni oríṣìí kábọ̀ọ̀nu kan tí ó rọ̀ tí ó dúdú tí ó sì ní àwọ̀ eérú (grey) tí a maza ń rí ní àárín pẹ́ńsù (lẹ́ẹ̀dì) tàbí tí a ń lò gẹ́gẹ́ bi nǹkan bí omi (lubricant) tí óń dín ìgbora (ìgbo-ara) kùnínú ẹńjìnnì tí ó sì tún jẹ́ apá kan lára ohun-ẹ̀dá (substance) mìiràn bíi èédú (coal), epo (oil) ó sì tún wà nínú gbogbo ẹranko àti ewéko.

Yoruba for Academic Purpose

Monday, 4 May 2015

Kémísìrì fún Alákọ́ọ̀bẹ̀rẹ̀ (Chemistry for Beginners): Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kejì (Second Lecture)

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