Yoruba for Academic Purpose: Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kẹ́rin (Fourth Lecture)

L.O. Adéwọlé

Nínú idánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ kẹ́ta, a mẹ́nu ba àmúpé àbọ̀ (object complement), a ṣe àpẹẹrẹ àwọn bátànì (pattern) àwọn gbólóhùn márààrún a sì ṣe àlàyé gbólóhùn ákítíìfù (active sentence) àti gbólóhùn pásíìfù (passive sentence). Nínú ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ yìí, àrótì (adjuct) ni a ó fi bẹ̀rẹ̀ àláyé wa.

Adjunct (Àrótì)

Gbogbo bátànì (pattern) máràárún tí a ti mẹ́nu bá ṣáájú ni a lè ṣe àfikún sí nípa lílo àrótì (adjunct) mọ́ wọn. Wọfún (optional) ni ìlò àrótì (adjunct (A)) nínú gbólóhùn. Àrótì (adjunct) máa ń ṣe àlàyé síwájú si i nípa gbólóhùn. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, tí a bá mú gbólóhùn S+V (olùwà + ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe) yìí: Olú laughed (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín), a lè lo àrótì (adjunct) láti ṣe àfikún sí i báyìí:

(48) (a) Olú laughed loudly (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín sókè) (S+V+A) (olùwà+ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+àrótì)

(b) Olú laughed before noon (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín kí aago méjìlà ọ̀sán tóó lù) (S+V+A) (olùwà+ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+àrótì)

(c) Olú laughed at about 11 o’ clock (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín ní nǹkan bí aago mọ́kànlá) (S+V+A) (olùwà+ọ̀rọ̀-   ìṣe+àrótì)

Àwọn onímọ̀ gírámà kan lè sọ pé ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe àti àbọ̀ rẹ̀ ni rẹ́rìn-ín (rín ẹ̀rín) (laughed) nínú èdè Yorùbá. A kò jiyàn. Ṣùgbọ́n ohun tí a fẹ́ kí a mọ̀ ni pé ohun tí ó jẹ wá lógún nínú iṣẹ́ yìí ni èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì kìí ṣe èdè Yorùbá. Ìyẹn ní pé laugh gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe ni ó jẹ́ wá lógún nínú gbólóhùn òkè yìí . Kìí ṣe rẹ́rìn-ín (rín ẹ̀rin) (laugh) gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe àti àbọ̀ rẹ.

Gbogbo àwọn bátànì gbólóhùn (sentence pattern) máràárún ni a lè fi àrótì kún. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni ìwọ̀nyí:

(49) (a) Bátànì Kìíní (Pattern 1): S+V+O (Oluwà+Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+Àrótì)
             Olú laughed at about 9 a.m. (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín ní nǹkan bí aago mẹ́sàn-án)

(b) Bátànì Kejì (Pattern 2): S+V+SC+A (Oluwà+Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+Àmúpé olùwá+Àrótì)
    Òjó is fighting as usual (Òjó (tún) ń jà bí ó ṣe má a ń ṣe)

(c) Bátànì Kẹ́ta (Pattern 3): S+V+DO+A (Oluwà+Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+Àbọ̀ tààrà+Àrótì)
    The soldiers destroyed the village yesterday (Àwọn sójà ba abúlé náà jẹ́ ní àná)

   (d) Bátànì Kẹ́rin (Pattern 4): S+V+IO+DO+A (Oluwà+Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+Àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú+Àbọ̀ tààrà+Àrótì)
    We gave Olú the prize yesterday (A fún Olú ní ẹ̀bùn náà ní àná)

    (e) Bátànì Kárùn-ún (Pattern 5): S+V+DO+OC+A (Oluwà+Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+Àbọ̀ tààrà+Àmúpé àbọ̀+Àrótì)
The dye turned the water black in three minutes (Dáì náà sọ omi náà di pupa ní ìsẹ́jú méta)

Àrótì (adjunct) tún lè wáyé ní ìbẹ̀ẹ̀rẹ̀ gbólóhùn ṣáájú olùwà:

(50) Suddenly, the sky darkened (Lojijì, ojú ọjọ́ dúdú) (A+S+V (àrótì+olùwà+ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe))

A tilẹ̀ lè rí ju àrótì kan lọ nínú gbólóhùn abọ́dé (simple sentence) kan.

(51) (a) At about 9 o’clock, the sky darkened suddenly (Ní nǹkan bí aago mẹ́sàn-án,ojú ọjọ́ dúdú lójijì) (A+S+V+A (àrótì+olùwà+ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+àrótì))

(b) On Sunday, at about 9o’clock, we met Olú outside the school (Ní ọjọ́ ìsinmi, ní nǹkan bí aago mẹ́sàn-án, a pàdé Olú ní iwájú ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ (A+A+S+V+DO+A (àrótì+àrótì+olùwà+ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+àbọ̀ tààrà+àrótì))

Olùwà (subject), ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) àti àbọ̀ (object) kò gbọdọ̀ ju ẹyọ kọ̀ọ̀kan lọ nínú gbólóhùn abọ́dé (simple sentence) kọ̀ọ̀kan. Ìyẹn ni pé gbólóhùn abọ́dé (simple sentence) kan kò gbọdọ̀ ní ju olùwà (subject) kan, kò gbọdọ̀ ní ju ọ̀rọ̀-ìsẹ (verb) kan bẹ́ẹ́ ni, kò sì gbọdọ̀ ní ju àbọ̀ (object) kan lọ.

The Meanings of Adjuncts (Àwọn Ìtumọ̀ tí Àrótì máa ń Ní)

Oríṣiríṣi ìtumọ̀ ni àrótì (adjunct) máa ń fi kún gbólóhùn (sentence). Díẹ̀ nínú wọn ni:

Time (when something happens) (Ìgbà (àkókò tí nǹkan ṣẹlẹ̀))

(52) (a) They danced yesterday    (Wọ́n jó ní àná)

(b) They arrives at seven o’clock (Wọ́n dé ní aago méje)

(c) We visit Ìbàdàn every year (A máa ń lọ sí Ìbàdàn ní ọdọọdún)

Place (where something happens) (Ibìkan (ibi tí nǹkan ti ṣẹlẹ̀))

(53) (a) Olú attended university in Ilé-Ifẹ̀ (Olú lọ sí yunifásítì ní ilé-Ifẹ̀)

(b) We met outside the school (A pàdé ní iwájú ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ náà)

(c) I saw Òjó at the market (Mo rí Òjó ní ọjà)

Manner (how something happens) (Ọ̀nà (bí nǹkan ṣe ṣẹlẹ̀))

(54) (a) Gradually, the room filled with smoke (Díẹ̀díẹ̀, èéfín kún inú ilé náà)

(b) The children behaved very well (Àwọn ọmọ náà hùwà dáadáa)

(c) He walks sluggishly (O ń rìn tìkọ̀tị̀kọ̀)

Vocatives ((Ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ) Àkésí)

(Ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ) àkésí (vocative) ni a fi ń ṣe ìdámọ̀ ẹni tí gbólóhùn ń sọ̀rọ̀ sí.

(55) (a) Olú, your food is ready (Olú, oúnjẹ rẹ ti ṣe tán (Oúnjẹ náà ti wà nílẹ́))

(b) Come inside, children (Ẹ wọlé, ẹ̀yin ọmọdé)

(c) Doctor, this boy is ill (Dókítà, ara ọmọ yìí kò yá)

(d) The book was on the table, my Honour (Orí tábìlì ni ìwé náà wà, Olúwa mi)

(e) Goodbye, everyone – I‘ll see you tomorrow (Ó dìgbà, gbogbo ènìyàn – màá ríi yín lọ́la)

(f) Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for the gift (Lọ́kùnrin lóbìnrin, ẹ ṣé fún ẹ̀bùn tí ẹ fún mi)

Nínú ìhun gbólóhùn (sentence structure), (ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ) àkésí kò pọn dandan (it is optional). Ó fi èyí jọ àrótì (adjunct).

Sentence Types (Ẹ̀yà Gbólóhùn)

Oríṣìí ẹ̀yà mẹ́rin ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ ni gbólóhùn ní tí a bá fi ojú ìlò (function/use) wò ó. Gbólóhùn àlàyé (declarative sentence) wa. Gbólóhùn ìbéèrè (interrogative sentence)wà. Gbólóhùn àṣẹ (imperative sentence) wa gbólóhùn ìyanu (exclamative sentence) náà sì wa.

Declarative Sentence (Gbólóhùn Àlàyé)

Gbólóhùn àlàyé (declarative sentence) ni a fi maa ń ṣe ìròyìn. Òhun ni a fi máa ń ṣe àwíyé. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni:

(56) (a) Òjó is playing football (Òjó ń gbá bọ́ọ̀lù)

(b) I went to the market (Mo lọ sí ọjà)

(c) Olú bought a new car    (Olú ra ọkọ̀ tuntun)

(d) Délé retired last year (Délé fẹ̀yìn tì ní ọdún tí ó kọjá)

Nínú gbólóhùn àlàyé (declarative sentence), olùwa (subject) ni ó máa ń kọ́kọ́ ṣaájú, ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) ni ó sì máa ń tẹ̀ lé e. Gbólóhùn àlàyé (declarative sentence) ni a máa ń lò jù, nínú gbogbo awọn oríṣìí gbólóhùn, tí a bá ń sọ̀rọ̀ (iyẹn tí a bá fi ojú ìlò (function/use) wò àwọn gbólóhùn wọ̀nyí).

Interrogative Sentence (Gbólóhùn Ìbéèrè)

Gbólóhùn ìbéèrè (interrogative sentence) ni a máa ń lò tí a bá fẹ́ bèèrè ìbéèrè tàbí tí a bá fẹ́ kí ẹni kan ṣàlàyé nǹkan kan fún wa. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni:

(57) (a) Is this the market? (Ṣé ọjà nì yí?)

(b) Have you eaten? (Ǹjẹ́ o ti jẹun?)

(c) Did you receive the money? (Ǹjẹ́ o rí owó náà gbà?)

(d) Do you play football? (Ṣé o máa ń gbá bọ́ọ̀lù?)

Àwọn ìbéèrè tí ó wà ní (57) ni a ń pè ni yes-no question (ìbéèrè oní-bẹ́ẹ̀ ni bẹ́ẹ̀ kọ́). Ìdí tí a fi ń pè é báyìí ni pé èsì tí a ń retí ni yes or no (bẹ́ẹ̀ ni tàbí bẹ́ẹ̀ kọ́).

Alternative interrogative (ìbéèrè apààrọ) máa ń fún wa láyè láti mú ọ̀kan lára ìdáhùn tí ó ju ẹyọ kan lọ. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni:

(58) (a) Do you want tea or coffee? (Ṣé kọfí ni ó ń fẹ́ tàbí tíì?)

(a) Is he a driver or a tailor (Ṣé awakọ̀ ni tàbí aránṣọ?)

Wh-interrrogatives (Ìbéèrè oní-ni): Àwọn ìbéèrè oní-ni (wh-interrogative) ni àwọn ìbéèrè tí ó máa ń ní wh nínú ṣùgbọ́n tí a bá túmọ̀ wọn sí èdè Yorùbá, ni máa ń wà nínú irú ìbéèrè bẹ́ẹ̀. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni:

(59) (a) What happened (Ki ni ó ṣẹlẹ̀?)

(b) Where do you work? (Níbo ni o ti ń ṣiṣẹ́?)

(c) Who bought that book? (Ta ni ó ra ìwé yẹn?)

Dípò what, where àti who, a tún máa ń lo how nínú ìbéèrè oní-ni (wh-interrogative):

(60) (a) How do I get to Ibàdàn from here (Báwo ni a ṣe lè dé Ìbàdàn láti ibí?)

(b) How do you plan to spend your holiday? (Báwo ni mo ṣe fẹ́ lo ìsinmi rẹ?)

(c) How old is Olú? (Ọmọ ọdún mélòó ni Olú?)

Yoruba for Academic Purpose

Tuesday, 5 May 2015

Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kẹ́rin (Fourth Lecture)

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