Yoruba for Academic Purpose: Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Karùn-ún (Fifth Lecture)

L.O. Adéwọlé

Nínú idánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ kẹ́rin, a mẹ́nu ba àrótì (adjunct), ((ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ) àkésí (vocative), gbólóhùn àlàyé (declarative sentence) àti gbólóhùn ìbéèrè (interrogative sentence). Nínú ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ yìí, gbólóhùn aṣẹ (imperative sentence) ni a ó fi bẹ̀rẹ̀ àláyé wa.

Imperative Sentence (Gbólóhùn Àṣẹ)

A máa ń lo gbólóhùn àṣẹ láti fi pàṣẹ (to issue orders) tàbí láti fi tọ́ ni sọ́nà (to instruct). Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni:

(61) (a) Dìde dúro (Stand up).

(b) Take a train to Ìbàdàn (Wọ ọkọ̀ ojú irin lọ sí Ìbàdan).

(c) Leave him (Fi i sílẹ̀).

Gbólóhùn àṣẹ (imperative sentence) kì í sábàá ní olùwà (subject) bí àwọn àpẹẹrẹ (61) ṣe fi hàn ṣùgbọ́n, a lè lo olùwà (subject) you nígbà mìíràn fún ìtẹnumọ́ (emphasis). Bí àpẹẹrẹ, dípò (62a), a lè sọ (62b).

(62) (a) Sit down (Jókòó sílẹ̀)

(b) You sit down (Ìwọ jókòó sílẹ̀)

Exclamative Sentence (Gbólóhùn Ìyanu)

Nǹkan tí ó yani lẹ́nu (exclamation) ni gbólóhùn ìyanu (exclamative sentence) máa ń fi hàn. What tàbí how ni ó máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ rẹ̀. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni:

(63) (a) What a fool I’ve been! (Mo ma hu ìwà agọ o!)

(b) How big you’ve grown! (O mà ti dàgbà sí i!)

Nínú gbólóhùn ìyanu (exclamative sentence), what ni ó máa ń ṣaájú ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ (noun); how ni ó máa ń ṣaájú àwọn oríṣìí mìíràn (other types).

Àwọn oríṣìí gbólóhùn mẹ́rẹ̀ẹ̀rin (the four sentence types) – declarative (àlàyé), interrogative (ìbéèrè), imperative (àṣẹ) àti exlamative (ìyanu) – ní ìrísí gírámà (grammatical form) tí ó ya ọkan sọ́tọ̀ sí èkejì. Ṣùgbọ́n sá o, ìgbà míìràn, a lè lo gbólóhùn oní-ìrísi gírámà kan (a sentence with a grammatical form) láti fi jẹ́ iṣẹ́ gbólóhùn oní-ìrísí gírámà mìíràn tí a bá ń sọ̀rọ̀ (performs the role of a sentence with another form in communication). Bí àpẹẹrẹ, ìrísí gbólóhùn àlàyé (declarative sentence) ni (64a) ní ṣùgbọn tí a bá gbé ohùn sókè nígbà tí a ń sọ ọ́, yóò di gbólóhùn ìbéèrè (interrogative sentence) gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ṣe rí ní (64b).

(64) (a) You need more money (O nílò owó sí i)

(b) You need more money? (O nílò owó sí i?)

Tí a bá sì wá wo ìbéèrè pèsìjẹ (rhetorical question), lóòótọ́, ìrísí gbólóhùn ìbéèrè ni ó ni, bẹ́ẹ̀ rèé, àlàyé ni a máa ń lò ó fún. Bí àpẹẹrẹ:

(65) Who knows? (= Nobody knows.) (Ta ló mọ̀? (= Kò sí ẹni tí ó mọ̀))

Fragments and Non-sentences (Àwọn Ẹ̀hun tí kò Tó Gbólóhùn)

Gbogbo àwọn gbólóhùn (sentence) tí a ti ń yẹ̀ wò ni ó pé tí wọ́n sì bá òfin gírámà mu (grammatically complete). Gbólóhùn tí ó bá pé tí ó sì bá òfin gírámà mu gbọ́dọ̀ ní olùwà (subject) àti ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) àyàfi tí gbólóhùn náà bá jẹ́ gbólóhùn àṣẹ (imperative sentence) níbi tí olùwà rẹ̀ kì í t ií hànde (the subject is understood). Ṣùgbọ́n sá, ní ọ̀pọ̀ ìgbà, tí a bá ń bá ara wa sọ̀rọ̀, a kì í lo gbólóhùn tí ó kún. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, a máa ń sábàá pa I jẹ tí ó bá wà ní ipò olùwà (subject). A máa ń gbọ́ irú àwọn ìpèdè wọ̀nyí:

(66) (a) Can’t see anything (N kò rí nǹkan kan).

(b) Must sleep early tonight (Mo gbọ́dọ̀ tètè sùn lálẹ́ òní).

Nínú irú àwọn ìpèdè báwọ̀nyí, a ti mọ̀ ọ́n sínú pé I ni olùwà (subject).

Tí a bá tún ń dáhùn ìbéèrè, gbólóhùn tí kò kún ni a tún sábà máa ń lò:

(67) (a) Olú: What did buy for me? (Kí ni o rà fún mi?).

(b) Adé: A book (Ìwé kan).

Gbólóhùn tí kò kún ni ìsọ (utterance) tí ó ti ẹnu Adé jáde. Tí Adé bá fẹ́ kí ìsọ rẹ̀ jẹ́ gbólóhùn tí ó kún, ohun tí yóò sọ ni pé I bought a book for you (Mo ra ìwé kan fún ọ).
Tí a bá wo inú ìwé ìròyìn, àwọn gbólóhùn tí kò kún máa ń pọ̀ nínú wọn. Bí apẹẹrẹ, a lè rí:

(68) Adé in pensions scandal (Ìwà ìbàjẹ́ tí ó jẹ mọ́ owó àwọn òṣìṣẹ́-fẹ̀yìntì kan Adé).

Ìsọ èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì (68) yìí kò ní ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) ṣùgbọ́n ìtumọ̀ tí ó máa ní ní ọkàn wa ni Ade is involved in a pensions scandal (Ìwà ìbàjẹ́ tí ó jẹ mọ́ àwọn òṣìṣẹ́-fẹ̀yìntì kan Adé).

A mẹ́nu ba àwọn èhun tí kò tó gbólóhùn wọ̀nyí nítorí pé a lè túmọ̀ wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe lè túmọ̀ gbólóhùn tí ó kún tí ó sì bá òfin gírámà mu (grammatically complete sentence). Àwọn ìsọ (utterance) kan tilẹ̀ wà tí wọn kò tilẹ̀ ní èhun gbólóhùn rárá tí kò sì sí nǹkan kan ní sàkáni wọn. A máa ń sábàá rí irú àwọn wọ̀nyí lára pátákó ìtọ́ka tàbí pátákó ìṣàmìsí (public signs and notices). Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni:

(68) (a) Exit (Àbájáde ).

(b) No Standing (Máà dúró níbí)

(c) Pothole Ahead (Kòtò kótokòto wà níwájú)

(d) Ìbàdàn, 2 miles (Ó ku mẹ́ẹ̀lì méjì kí a dé Ìbàdàn)

(e) 10% Off (A fi ìdámẹ́wàá dín in kù)

(f) Ticket Office (Ọọ́fíìsì ìgba tíkẹ́ẹ̀tì)

(g) Closing Down Sale (Ọjà tí a ó tà tí a ó fi kógbá wọle)

Àwọn irú ìsọ yìí tí a máa ń rí tí a bá ń sọ̀rọ̀ ni bye, goodbye, hello, yes, no, ok, right, sure, thanks, thanks very much, àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Àwọn ìsọ tí kò tó gbólóhùn wọ̀nyí máa ń wáyé púpọ̀ nígbà tí a bá ń sọ èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ní àkókò gbẹ̀fẹ́ (informal situation). Tí a bá wo gbogbo ìsọ (utterance) tí a máa ń sọ jáde, nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́ta rẹ̀, ẹ̀hun tí kò tó gbólóhùn ni ó máa ń jẹ́.

Ọ̀rọ̀

Ìdá (unit) tí ó ṣe patàkì ni ọ̀rọ̀ (word) jẹ́ nínú gbólóhùn (sentence). Tí a bá sọ pé My father bought a big car (Bàbá mi ra ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ ńlá kan), òye àhunmọ́ (instinct) wa yóò fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ lè fi yé wa pé ẹ̀yà (type) kan náà ni father àti car àti pé irú ẹ̀ya kan náà kọ́ ni father àti bought. Bí irú èyí bá ṣẹlẹ̀, ohun tí òye àhunmọ́ wa ń fi yé wa ni pé ìsọ́rí ọ̀rọ̀ (word class) kan náà ni father àti car àti pé father àti bought kìí ṣe ìsọ̀rí ọ̀rọ̀ kan náà. A lè pín àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ inú èdè kan sí inú àwọn ìsọ̀rí (major word classes) wọ̀nyí:

Ìsọ̀rí (Word Classes)            Àpẹẹrẹ (Examples)

Nouns (Ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ)            brother, children, England, biology, John, wood

Main verbs (Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe kíkún)        break, dance, come, repair, drink, sing, talk

Adjectives (Ọ̀rọ̀-àpèjúwe)        happy, hot, foolish, dirty, old, angry

Adverbs (Ọ̀rọ̀-àpọ́nlé)            sluggishly, carelessly, happily, slowly

Pronouns (Ọ̀rọ̀-arọ́pò-orúkọ)        I, me, my, you, he, his, her, we, our

Auxiliary verbs (Aṣèrànwọ́ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe)    can, could, may, do, might, will, would

Conjunctions (Ọ̀rọ̀ asopọ̀)        and, but, or, although, because, when

Articles (Átíkù)                a, an, the

Numerals (Òǹkà)            four, five, thirty, sixth, seventh

Orísi méjì ni isòrí ọ̀rọ̀ tí o wà. Àwọn kan wà tí wọn kò níye. Ìdí ni pé wọn lè gba ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ tuntun. Irú àwọn ìsọ̀rí ọ̀rọ̀ tí kò níye yìí ni ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ (nouns) àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe (verb). Iye ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ tí ó wà kò tilẹ̀ dàbí ìgbà pé ó lóǹkà nítorí pé ń ṣe ni ó tún ń fẹ jú sí i bí nǹkan tuntun ṣe ń yọjú.
Bí àpẹẹrẹ, àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ tuntun tí ó tún ti wọ inú ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ lẹnu ọjọ́ mẹ́ta yìí ni: bitmap, internet, website, CD-ROM, e-commerce, e-mail, URL, laptop, modem, dotcom, multimedia, newsgroup àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe tuntun náà tún ti ń wáyé. Ara wọn ni: download, upload, reboot, right-click, double-click.

Yoruba for Academic Purpose

Tuesday, 5 May 2015

Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Karùn-ún (Fifth Lecture)

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