Yoruba for Academic Purpose: Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kẹ́ta (Third Lecture)

L.O. Adéwọlé

Nínú ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ kejì, a sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb), àbọ̀ tààrà (direct object) àti àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú (indirect object). Nínú ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ yìí, orí àmúpé àbọ̀ (object complement) ni a ó ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.

Àmúpé Àbọ̀ (Object Complement)
Àwòmọ́ (Atrribute) tí àbọ̀ ní ni àmúpé àbọ̀ (object complement) máa ń ṣe àlàyé. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, bí a bá sọ pé

(35) The dye turned the water red (Dáì náà sọ omi náà di pupa)

Red ni àmúpé àbọ̀ (object complement). Àwòmọ́ (attribute) tí water (omi) náà ní, ìyẹn àwọ̀ (colour) ni ó ń ṣe àlàyé. Water (omi) yìí ni àbọ̀ nínú gbólóhùn (sentence) yìí. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ mìíràn ni:

(36) (a) His gift made me happy (Ẹ̀bùn rẹ mú kí inú mi dùn)
(b) They elected him chairman (Wọ́n yàn án ní alága)
(c) He called him a fool (Ó pè é ni ọ̀dẹ̀)

Nínú gbólóhùn wọ̀nyí, me àti him ni àbọ̀ (object) nígbà tí happy, chairman àti a fool jẹ́ àmúpé àbọ̀ (object complement). Amúpé àbọ̀ (object complement) máa ń tẹ̀ lé àbọ̀ tí ó ń ṣe àlàyé àwòmọ́ rẹ ni.

(37) Bátànì Gbólóhùn Karùn-ún (Sentence Pattern 5)
         S            V                    DO         OC
The dye        turned        the water    blue (Dáì náà sọ omi náà di pupa)

S dúró fún subject (olùwà), V dúró fún verb (ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe), DO dúró direct object (àbọ̀ tààrà) nígbà tí OC dúró fún object complement (àmúpé àbọ̀). Bí a bá kọ́kọ́ wò ó, yóò dà bí ìgbà pé bátànì gbólóhùn kérin àti ẹkárùn-ún fẹ́ẹ́ jọra. Ẹ fi (38) wé (39).

(38) Bátànì Gbólóhùn Karùn-ún
          S        V        DO    OC
    They    made    him    chairman (Wọ́n yàn án ní alága)

(39) Bátànì Gbólóhùn Kẹ́rin
       S    V    IO    DO
    Olú    made     John    coffee (Olú po kọfí fú Jọ̀ọ́nú)

Ìyàtọ̀ láàrin (38) àti (39) yóò hàndé tí a bá yí ìhun wọn padà. Bí apẹẹrẹ, fún (39), a lè sọ pé

(40) Olú made coffee for John (Olú po kọ́fí fún Jọ̀ọ́nú)

Fún (38), a kò lè sọ pé

(41)*They made chairman for him

Bí a bá tilẹ̀ lè sọ bẹ́ẹ̀, ìtumọ̀ (41) yóò yàtọ̀ si (38). Bẹ́ẹ̀ rèé, ìtumọ̀ kan náà ni (39) àti (40) ní. Ohún tí wúnrẹ̀n (element) chairman ń ṣe ni pé ó ń sọ àwòmọ́ (attribute) tí him ní. Ìyẹn ni pé He is chairman (Òun ni alága). Chairman (alága) jẹ́ àmúpé àbọ̀ (object complement) fún him ní (38). Ẹ wo àwọn
wọ̀nyí náà:

(42) (a) He called him a fool (Ó pè é ní ọ̀dẹ̀)
(b) He is a fool (Ọ̀dẹ̀ ni)

(43) (a) He called him a taxi (Ó pe takisí fún un/Ó bá a pe takisí)
(b) He called a taxi for him (Ó pe takisí fún un/Ó bá a pe takisí)

Bátànì gbólóhùn kárùn-ún ni (42) ní nígbà tí (43) ní bátànì gbólóhùn kẹ́rin.

The Five Sentence Patterns (Àwọn Bátànì Gbólóhùn Márààrún)

Bàtànì Kìíní: Olú laughed (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín) (S and V (Olùwà àti ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe))

Bátànì Kejì: Adé is three (Adé di ọmọ ọdún mẹ́ta) (S, V and SC (Olùwà, ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe àti àmúpé olùwà))

Bátànì Kẹ́ta: I enjoyed the film (Mo gbádùn fíìmù náà) (S, V and DO (Olùwà, ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe àti àbọ̀ tààrà))

Bátànì Kẹ́rin: I asked Olú a question (Mo bèèrè ìbéèrè lọ́wọ́ Olú/Mo bi Olú ní ìbéèrè) (S, V, IO àti DO (Olùwà, ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe, àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú àti àbọ̀ tààrà))

Bátànì Kárùn-ún: The dye turned the water red (Dáì náà sọ omi náà di pupa) (S, V, DO and OC (Olùwà, ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe, àbọ̀ tààrà àti àmúpé àbọ̀).

Ohun tí a ó ṣe àkíyèsí ni pé gbogbo gbólóhùn wọ̀nyí ni ó ní subject (olùwà) àti ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe nínú. Bí gbogbo gbólóhùn ṣe máa ń ní àwọn méjèèjì yìí nì yí àyàfi imperative sentence (gbólóhùn àṣẹ) tí subject (olùwà) rẹ̀ máa ń jẹ́ mọ̀-ọ́n-nú tàbí tí a ti pa olùwà rẹ̀ jẹ. Nítorí ìdí èyí ni a fi lè sọ pé Stand up (Dìde dúró). Tí a bá sọ èyí, ohun tí a ń sọ ni pé (You) stand up ((Ìwọ) dìde dúró).

Active and Passive Sentences (Àwọn Gbólóhùn Ákítíìfù àti Pásíìfù)
Nínú gbólóhùn tí o bá jẹ́ ákítíìfù (active), olùwà (subject) ni ó máa ń ṣe ohun tí ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe ń sọ̀rọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Gbólóhùn tí ó bá jẹ́ ákítíìfù ni ìdàkejì gbólóhùn tí ó bá jẹ́ pásíìfù (passive). Ohun tí eléyìí ń sọ ni pé bí gbólóhùn kan kò bá jẹ́ ákítíìfù yóò jẹ pásíìfù. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ni ó wà ní (45).

(45) (a) Active (Ákítíìfù): Olú wrote a book (Olú kọ ìwé kan)

(b) Passive (Pásíìfù): A book was written by Olú (Olú ni ó kọ ìwé kan)

Ó yẹ kí á ṣe àkíyèsí pé èdè Yorùbá kò ní gbólóhùn tí a lè pè ní pásíìfù. Gbólóhùn àkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ (focus construction) ni a fi túmọ̀ gbólóhùn pásíìfù sí èdè Yorùbá. Bátànì (pattern) gbólóhùn ákítíìfù (active) ni S+V+D (olùwà+ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe+àbọ̀), ìyẹn bátànì kẹ́ta tí a ti mẹ́nu bà tẹ́lẹ̀. A book (ìwé kan) tí ó jẹ́ àbọ̀ tààra (direct object) nínú gbólóhùn ákítíìfù (active sentence) ni ó di subject (olùwà) nínú gbólóhùn pásíìfù (passive sentence).Olú tí ó jẹ́ subject (olùwà) nínú gbólóhùn ákítíìfù (active sentence) ni ó lọ sí òpin gbólóhùn pásíìfù (passive sentence). Gbólóhùn ákítíìfù ni gbólóhùn ìpìlẹ̀ (underlying sentence) fún gbólóhùn pásíìfù. A máa ń ṣẹ̀dá gbólóhùn pásíìfù láti ara ákítíìfù nípa fífi aṣèrànwọ́ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe pásíìfù (passive auxiliary) tí a ń pè ní be (àwọn aṣèrànwọ́ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe tí a ń pè ní be ni is, was, are, were àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ) bọ inú gbólóhùn ìpìlẹ̀ tí a ó sì lo ẹ̀dà ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe (different form of the verb) inú gbólóhùn ìpìlẹ̀ yìí. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, nínú gbólóhùn (45a) tí ó jẹ́ gbólóhùn ìpìlẹ̀, a lo ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) wrote ṣùgbọ́n nínú gbólóhùn pásíìfù, written ni a lò.
Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ gbólóhùn ákítíìfù àti pásíìfù mìíràn ni ìwọ̀nyí:

(46) (a) (i) Active: Adé broke the stick (Adé dá igi náà)
(a) (ii) Passive: The stick was broken by Adé (Adé ni ó dá igi náà)

(b) (i) Active: Òjó shows the book to the visitor (Òjó fi ìwé náà han àlejò náà)
(b) (ii) Passive: The book is shown to the visitor by Òjó (Òjó ni ó fi ìwé náà han àlejò náà)

Tí a bá wo gbólóhùn akítíìfù Olú ate the biscuit (Olú jé bisikíìtì náà), Olú tí ó jẹ́ olùwà ni ó ṣe nǹkan ṣùgbọ́n tí a bá wo gbólóhùn pásíìfù The biscuit was eaten by Olú (Olú ni ó jẹ bisikíìtì náà), a ó rí i pé bisikíìtì ni olùwà, òun ni a si ṣe nǹkan sí.

Nígbà mìíràn, a kìí lo àpólà (phrase) tí ó ní by nínú tí gbólóhùn (sentence) náà kò wá níí ní olùṣe (agent). A máa ń pe irú gbólóhùn bẹ́ẹ̀ ní pásíìfù aláìní olùṣe (agentless passive). Àpẹẹrẹ ni ìwọnyí:

(46) (c) Akítíìfù (Active): Olú broke a cup (Olú fọ́ kọ́ọ̀bù kan)
(d) Pásíìfù (Passive): A cup was broke by Olú (Olú ni ó fọ́ kọ́ọ̀bù kan)
(e) Pásíìfù tí kò ní olùṣe (Agentless Passive): A cup was broken (Kọ́ọ̀bù kan fọ́)

Àwọn kan máa ń túmọ̀ irú gbólóhùn bíi A cup was broken by Olú sí 'A fọ́ kọ́ọ̀bù náà láti ọwọ́ Olú'. Ohun tí ó yẹ kí a mọ̀ ni pe ọmọ Yorùbá tí kò bá gbọ́ èdè Gẹ́ẹ̀sì kankan kò níí sọ̀rọ̀ báyìí. Ó yẹ kí á ṣe àkíyèsí pé ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe agbàbọ̀ (transitive verb) nìkan ni a lè yí gbólóhùn rẹ̀ padà sí pásíìfù (passive). Àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe agbàbọ̀ (transitive verb) kan tilẹ̀ wà tí a kò lè yí gbólóhùn wọn sí pásíìfù (passive). Lára wọn ni have, resemble àti suit.

(47) (ai) Ákítíìfù (Active): Òjó has a new house (Òjó ní ilé tuntun)
(aii) Pásíìfù (Passive): *A new house is had by Òjó

(bi) Ákítìfù (Active): Òjó resembles Àìná (Òjó jọ Àìná)
(bii) Pasíìfù (Passive): *Àìná is resembled by Òjó

(ci) Akítíìfù (Active): That colour suits Olú (Àwọ̀ náà bá Olú lára mu)
(cii) Paíìfù (Passive): *Olú is suited by that colour

A máa ń lo àmì ásítẹ́ríìkì (*) fún àpẹẹrẹ tí kò bófin gírámà mu (ungrammatical) tàbí èyí tí kò jẹ́ ìtẹ́wọ́gbà (incorrect). Ìyàtọ̀ láàrin gbólóhùn ákítíìfù (active sentence) àti gbólóhùn pásíìfù (passive sentence) ni a ń pè ní fọ́ìsì (voice). Ìyẹn ni pé a máa ń pe àwọn gbólóhùn kan ní gbólóhùn ákítíìfù (active sentence) a sì ń pe àwọn kan ní gbólóhùn pásíìfù (passive sentence).

Yoruba for Academic Purpose

Monday 27 April 2015

Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kẹ́ta (Third Lecture)

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