Yoruba for Academic Purpose: Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kejì (Second Lecture)

L.O. Adéwọlé

Nínú ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ kìíní, a sọ ohun tí gírámà (grammar) jẹ́ a sì tún sọ̀rọ̀ nípa gbólóhùn (sentence), olùwà (subject) àti kókó-gbólóhùn (predicate). Nínú ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ yìí, ọ̀rọ̀ nípa ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe ni a ó fi ṣíde.

Oriṣìí Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (Verb Types)
Oríṣìí ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) mẹ́ta ni ó wà. Àwọn náà ni aláìgbàbọ̀ (intransitive), asopọ̀ (linking) àti agbàbọ̀ (transitive).

Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe Aláìgbàbọ̀ (Intransitive Verb)
Gbogbo gbólóhùn tí ó wà ní (23) ni ó fi ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe aláìgbàbọ̀ hàn.

(23) (a) Olú laughed (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín)    (b) He wouldn’t come    (Kò níí wá)
(c) The boy appeared (Ọmọkùnrin náà yọ jáde)

Ọkọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn gbólóhùn (sentence) tí ó wà ní (23) ni ó ní olùwà (subject) àti ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb). Eléyìí fi hàn pé bátànì (pattern) tí wọ́n ní ni SV (olùwà (subject) àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe (verb)). Bátànì (23a) ni a kọ sílé ní

(24) Bátànì Gbólóhùn Kìíní (Sentence Pattern One)
    S          V
    Olú      laughed (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín)

SV dúró fún olùwà (subject) àti ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb).

Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe Asopọ̀ (Linking Verb)
Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe ni ó máa ń sọ ohun tí olùwà ṣe. Tí a bá sọ pé Olú laughed (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín), ohun tí olùwà (subject) Olú ṣe ni laughed (rẹ́rìn-ín) ń sọ̀rọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe asopọ̀ (linking verb) kìí hùwà báyìí. Àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe asopọ̀ (linking verb) kìí sọ ohun tí olùwà (subject) ṣe. Dípò èyí, wọ́n máa ń so olùwà pọ̀ mọ́ fọ́nrán (element) mìíràn tí ó bá tẹ̀ lé ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) ní. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, tí a bá sọ pé ‘Adé is three’ (Adé di ọmọ ọdún mẹ́ta), a kò sọ pé Adé ṣe nǹkan kan. Ohun tí ó ṣẹlẹ ni pé ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) inú gbólóhùn yìí, ìyẹn is, kàn so olùwà (subject), ìyẹn Adé, mọ́ three ni. Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) tí a ń pè ní be (bí àpẹẹrẹ, is, was, are. were, àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ) ni ó máa ń sábàá ṣe irú iṣẹ́ yìí ṣùgbọ́n o, àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) mìíràn tí ó tún ń ṣe irú iṣẹ́ yìí tún wà. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe asopọ̀ (linking verb) míìràn ni wọ́n wà ní (25).

(25) (a) It seems so (Ó jọ bẹ́ẹ̀) (b) He appeared calm (Ó jọ ẹni tí ọkàn rẹ̀ balẹ̀)
(c) You look well (Ojú rẹ jọ ojú ẹni tí ó ń gbádùn)
(d) I became suspicious (Ara ń fu mí)
(e) It went unreported (Wọn kò ròyìn rẹ̀)

Àmúpé olùwà (subject complement tí àgékúrú rẹ̀ jẹ́ SC) ni a ń pe fọ́nrán (element) tó tẹ̀ lé ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe asopọ̀ (linking verb) yìí. Eléyìí ni bátànì gbólóhùn kejì (sentence pattern 2).

Bátànì Gbólóhùn Kejì (Sentence Pattern 2)
    S         V    SC
    Adé     is    three (Adé di ọmọ ọdún mẹ́ta)

S dúró fún subject (olùwà), V dúró fún verb (ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe), SC sì dúró fún subject complement (amúpé olùwà).

Ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe Agbàbọ̀ (Transitive Verb)
Àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe agbàbọ̀ (transitive verb) ni àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) tí kò lè dá dúró nínú kókó-gbólóhùn (predicate) láìjẹ́ wí pé fọ́nrán inú gbólóhùn (sentence element) mìíràn tẹ̀ lé wọn. Bí fọ́nrán inú gbólóhùn (sentence element) mìíràn kò bá tẹ̀ lé wọn, ìtùmọ wọn kò níí pé.

Tí a bá wo ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) destroy (bàjẹ́) fún àpẹẹrẹ, a kò lè dá a lò. Ó nílò kí fọ́nrán (element) mìíràn tẹ̀ lé e nínú kókó-gbólóhùn. A kò lè sọ pé *The bomb destroyed ṣùgbọ́n a lè sọ pé The bomb destroyed the town (Bọ́ǹbù náà ba ilù náà jẹ́). Irú àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) bíi destroy tí kò lè dá dúró nínú kókó-gbólóhùn ni a ń pè ní ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe agbàbọ̀ (transitive verb). Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ mìíràn ni (27).

(27) (a) The factory produces many cars (Ilé-iṣẹ́ náà ṣe káà tí ó pọ̀)
(b) I bought a new book (Mo ra ìwé tuntun kan)    (c) I enjoyed the film (Mo gbádùn fíìmu náà)

Àwọn fọ́nrán (element) tí ó jẹ́ kí ìtumọ̀ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe agbàbọ̀ (transitive verb) kún bíi many cars (káà tí ó pọ̀), a new book (ìwé tuntun) àti the film (fíìmù náà) ni a ń pè ní àbọ̀ tààrà (direct object). Gbólóhùn Gẹ̀ẹ́sì tí ó bá ní àbọ̀ tààrà (direct object) ni a pín sí ìpín gbólóhùn bátànì kẹ́ta (sentence pattern 3).

(28) Bátàní gbólóhùn Kẹ́ta (Sentence Pattern 3)
    S    V            DO
    I    enjoyed        the film (Mo gbádùn fíìmù náà)

S dúró fún subject, V dúró fún verb, DO sì dúró fún direct object. Ọpọ̀lọpọ̀ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) ni ó ní ìlò ìgbàbọ̀ (transitive) àti àìgbàbọ̀ (intransitive) ṣùgbọ́n o, ìtumọ̀ wọn lè yàtọ̀ sí ara nígbà tí wọ́n bá gba àbọ̀ àti ìgbà tí wọn kò bá gba abọ̀. Àpẹẹrẹ irú àwọn ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) tí ó ń hùwà báyìí ni ó wà ní (29).

(29) (ai) Aìgbàbọ̀ (Intransitive): The plant grew (Koríko náà hù) (S+V (Olùwà àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe))
(aii) Ìgbàbọ̀ (Transitive): The man grew maize (Ọkùnrin náà gbin àgbàdo) (S+V+DO (Olùwà àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe))

(bi) Àìgbàbọ̀ (Intransitive): The man shook (Ọkùnrin náà gbọn) (S+V (Olùwà àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe))
(bii) Ìgbàbọ̀ (Transitive): The bomb shook the building (Bọ́ǹbù náà mú kí ilé náà gbọ̀n) (S+V+DO (Olùwà àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe))

(ci) Àìgbàbọ̀ (Intransitive): He sang (Ó kọrin) (S+V (Olùwà àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe))
(cii) Ìgbàbọ̀ (Transitive): He sang two songs (Ó kọ orin méjì) (S+V+DO (Olùwà àti ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe))

Ní èdè Yorùbá, a lè sọ pé kọrin (kọ orin) jẹ́ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe àti àbọ̀ rẹ̀ ṣùgbọ́n ní èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì tí ó jẹ wá lógún nínú iṣẹ́ yìí, sang kò ní àbọ̀ nínú. Àbọ̀ tààrà (direct object (DO)) ni ohun tí ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe ń ṣe (‘action’ of the verb) nínú gbólóhùn máa ń kàn gbọ̀ngbọ̀n. A máa ń sábàá dá àbọ̀ tààrà (DO) mọ̀ nínú gbólóhùn nípa lílo what tàbí whom/who láti bèèrè ìbéèrè, nípa rẹ̀, bí apẹẹrẹ:
(30) (i) The bomb destroyed the town (Bọ́ǹbù náà ba ilù náà jẹ́)
Q: What did the bomb destroy? (Kí ni bọ́ǹbù náà bàjẹ́?)
A: The town (Ilú náà) (DO (àbọ̀ tààrà))

(ii) The policeman arrested the woman (Ọlọ́pàá náà mú obìnrin náà)
Q: Whom/Who did the policeman arrest? (Ta ni ọlọ́pàá náà mú?)
A: The man (Obìnrin náà) (DO (ábọ̀ tààrà))

Àbọ̀ Ẹbùrú (Indirect Object)
Àwọn gbólóhùn kan máa ń ní àbọ̀ (object) méjì, bí àpẹẹrẹ,

(31) We gave Òjó the prize (A fún Òjó ní ẹ̀bùn náà)

Àwọn àbọ̀ méjèèjì inú gbólóhùn yìí ni Òjó àti the prize. Wúnrẹn (element) the prize ni àbọ̀ tààrà (direct object). Gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀, àbọ́ tààrà ni a fi máa ń dáhùn ìbéèrè what (bí apẹẹrẹ, What did we give Òjó? (Kí ni a fún Òjó?)); The prize (Ẹbùn)). Àbọ̀ (object) kejì, Òjó, ni a ń pè ní àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú (Indirect Object (IO)). Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ mìíràn ni (32).

(32) (a) I asked Olú a question (Mo bèèrè ìbéèrè kan lọ́wọ́ Olú)
(b) He told his son a story (Ó sọ ìtàn kan fún ọmọ rẹ̀)
(c) She bought us a book (Ó ra ìwé kan fún wa)
(d) They awarded Adé a salary increase (Wọ́n fi kún owó oṣù Adé)

Àwọn àbọ̀ tààrà (direct object) inú gbólóhùn wọ̀nyí ni question, a story, a book àti a salary increase. Àwọn àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú ni Olú, his son, us àti Adé.
Tí àbọ̀ mejì bá wà nínú gbólóhùn, àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú (indirect object) ni ó máa ń ṣaájú; àbọ̀ tààrà (direct object) ni ó máa ń tẹ̀ lé e. Bí bátànì (pattern) gbólóhùn tí ó ní àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú nínú ṣe máa ń rí nì yí:

(33) Bátànì Gbólóhùn Kẹ́rin (Sentence Pattern 4)
    S     V             IO    DO
    I    asked        Olú    a question (Mo bèèrè ìbéèrè lọ́wọ́ Olú)

S dúró fún subject (olùwa); V dúró fún verb (ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe); IO dúró fún indirect object (àbọ̀ ẹ̀bùrú) nígbà ti DO dúró fú́n direct object (àbọ̀ tààrà). Ìgbà mìíràn wà tí a lè tún gbólóhùn bátànì kẹ́rin tò, bí àpẹẹrẹ,

(34) (a) We gave Olú the prize (A fún Olú ní ẹ̀bùn náà)
(b) We gave the prize to Olú (A fún Olú ní ẹbùn náà).

Yoruba for Academic Purpose

Monday 27 April 2015

Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kejì (Second Lecture)

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