Yoruba for Academic Purpose: Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kìíní (First Lecture)

L.O. Adéwọlé

Gírámà

Nínú iṣẹ́ yìí, gírámà ni a ó gbà sí ọ̀nà tí a ń gbà to ọ̀rọ̀ pọ̀ mọ́ ara wọn tí wọ́n fi ń di gbólóhùn. Nínú èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì, Òjó has been dancing (Òjó ti ń jó) jẹ gbólóhùn tí ó ní ààtò (well-formed sentence) tí ó sì bá òfin gírámà mu (grammatical sentence). Gbogbo ẹni tí ó bá ti lè sọ èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ni yóò lè sọ irú gbólóhùn yìí tí yóò sì mọ ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ láìtilẹ̀ mọ ohun tí a ń pè ní gírámà. Bí àwọn ènìyàn kan náà bá rí irú ẹ̀hun (construction) yìí: *dancing Òjó been has, wọn yóò sọ pé ààtò rẹ̀ kò dára (not well-formed); wọ́n á ní kò bófin gírámà mu (ungrammatical).

Ẹ̀kọ́ nípa gírámà ni ó máa ń jẹ́ kí à lè mọ ọ̀rọ̀-ìperí (terminology) tí a lè lò tí a bá fẹ́ sọ̀rọ̀ nípa èdè kan. Ó ń jẹ́ kí á lè ṣe ìtúpalẹ̀ (analysis) kí á sì lè ṣe àpèjúwe (description) èdè wa àti èdè àwọn ẹlòmíràn. Tí a bá ń kọ̀wé, ìmọ̀ wa nípa gírámà máa ń jẹ́ kí á lè ṣe ìgbéléwọ̀n (evaluation) oríṣiríṣi àṣàyàn (choices) tí ó wà fún wa nígbà tí a bá ń kọ àròkọ (composition).

Tí a bá ní kí á tò ó ní ṣísẹ̀-n-tẹ̀lé, nínú gírámà, gbólóhùn(sentence) ni o máa ń ṣaájú tí awẹ́-gbólóhùn (clause) yóò tẹ̀ lé e. Lẹ́yìn èyí ni yóò kan àpólà (phrase) àti ọ̀rọ̀ (word). Gbólóhùn (sentence) máa ń ní awẹ́-gbólóhùn (clause) kan tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ nínú. Awẹ́-gbólóhùn (clause) máa ń ní àpólà (phrase) kan tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ nínú. Àpólà (phrase) máa ń ní ọ̀rọ̀ (word) kan tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ nínú.

Lára àwọn nǹkan tí a ó yẹ̀ wò nínú iṣẹ́ yìí ni gbólóhùn (sentence), awẹ́-gbólóhùn (clause), àpólà (phrase), ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ (noun), ọ̀rọ̀-arọ́pò-orúkọ (pronoun), ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb), ọ̀rọ̀-àpọ́nlé (adverb), ọ̀rọ̀-àpèjúwe (adjective), ọ̀rọ̀-atọ́kùn (preposition), ọ̀rọ̀-asopọ̀ (conjuction), aṣèrànwọ́ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (auxiliary verb), àsìkò (tense), ibá-ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ (aspect), ìṣẹ̀dá ọ̀rọ̀ (word formation), àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ.

Àwọn Fọ́rán Gbólóhùn Abọ́dé (The Elements of a Simple Sentence)

Gbólóhùn Abọ́dé (Simple Sentence): Tí a bá ń kọ nǹkan sílẹ̀, gbólóhùn (sentence) ni àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ tí a tò pọ̀ tí a fi lẹ́tà ńlá (capital letter) bẹ̀rẹ̀ tí a si fi àmì ìdánudúró (full stop or period), àmì ìbéèrè (question mark) tàbí àmì ìyanu (exlamation mark) parí. Bí a bá wo oríkì (definition) yìí, àpẹẹrẹ gbólóhùn (sentence) ní èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì (English) ni:
(1) Olú played football (Olú gbá bọ́ọ̀lù) (2) Who played football? (Ta ni ó gbá bọ́òlù?)
(3) How big you have grown! (O mà ti tóbi sí i gan-an!)
Gbólóhùn abọ́dé (simple sentence) ni ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú àwọn gbólóhùn (1), (2) àti (3).

Gbólóhùn Alákànpọ̀ (Compound Sentence): A lè so gbólóhùn abọ́dé (simple sentence) méjì tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ pọ̀ nípa lílo ọ̀rọ̀-asopọ̀ (conjunction) bíi but tàbí and. Ẹ jẹ́ kí á wo (4) àti (5):
(4) Òjó played football (Òjó gbá bọ́ọ̀lù)
(5) Adé preferred ayò game (Ayò tìta ni ó wu Adé)
A lè so gbólóhùn tí ó wà ní (4) àti (5) pọ̀ di (6):
(6) Òjó played football but Adé preferred ayò game (Òjó gbá bọ́ọ̀lù ṣùgbọ́n ayò títa ni ó wu Adé)
Gbólóhùn tí a bá so pọ̀ bíi (6) tí o jẹ́ pé ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan wọn lè dá dúró bíi (4) àti (5) ni a ń pè ní gbólóhùn alákànpọ̀ (compound sentence). Àpẹẹrẹ gbólóhùn alákànpọ̀ mìíràn ni (9) tí ó jẹ́ àpapọ̀ (7) àti (8):
(7) I went to the market (Mo lọ sí ọjà)    (8) I bought a football (Mo ra bọ́ọ̀lu kan)
(9) I went to the market and bought a football (Mo lọ sí ọjà mo sì ra bọ́ọ̀lu kan)

Gbólóhùn Oníbọ̀ (Complex Sentence): Gbólóhùn oníbọ̀ (complex sentence) máa ń jẹ́ àpapọ̀ awẹ́-gbólóhùn tí ó lè dá dúró (independent clause) àti awẹ́-gbólóhùn tí kò lè dá dúró (dependent clause). Bí àpẹẹrẹ:
(10) When I got home, I bought a football (Nígbà ti mo délé, mo ra bọ́ọ̀lù kan)
Gbólóhùn tí ó lè dá dúró fúnrarẹ̀ (tí a ń pè ní independent clause) ni ‘I bought a football (Mo ra bọ́ọ̀lù kan)’. Gbólóhùn tí kò lè dá dúró fúnrarẹ̀ (tí a ń pè ní dependent clause) ni ‘When I got home (Nígbà tí mo délé)’. Orúkọ mìíràn tí a máa ń pe gbólóhùn tí ó lè dá dúró fúnrarẹ̀ ni ‘main clause (olóri awẹ́-gbólóhùn)’. Orúkọ mìíràn tí a ń pe ‘dependent clause’ ni ‘subordinate clause (gbólóhùn àfibọ̀ tàbí gbólóhùn àfarahẹ)’. Àpẹẹrẹ gbólóhùn oníbọ̀ (complex sentence) mìíràn ni (11):
(11)When I saw him, I greeted him (Nígbà tí mo rí i, mo kí i)
Ní (11), olórí awẹ́-gbólóhùn (main clause) ni ‘I greeted him (Mo kí i)’ nígbà ti ‘When I saw him (Nígbà tí mo rí i)’ jẹ́ awẹ́-gbólóhùn àfarahẹ (dependent clause).

Olùwà (Subject) àti Kókó-gbólóhùn (Predicate): Gbólohùn abọ́dé (simple sentence) máa ń ní olùwà (subject) àti kókó-gbolóhùn (predicate). Ìyẹn ni pé a lè pín gbólóhùn abọ́dé (simple sentence) sí olùwà (subject) àti kókó-gbólóhùn (predicate). Olùwà (subject) ni ó máa ń sábàá ṣáájú ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) nínú gbólóhùn (sentence). Lẹ́yìn olùwà (subject) yìí, gbogbo àwọn fọ́nrán (element) tí ó bá ṣẹ́kù nínú gbólóhùn (sentence) tí ó fi kan ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) ni a ń pè ní kókó-gbólóhùn (predicate). Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ olùwà (subject) àti kókó-gbólóhùn (predicate) ni ó wà ní (12):
    (12) Olùwà (Subject)                Kókó-gbólóhùn (Predicate)
    Òjó (Òjó)                                  laughed (rẹ́rìn-ín)
    Adé (Adé)                                  played football (gbá bọ́ọ̀lù)
The girl (Ọmọdébìnrin náà)            is very beautiful (lẹ́wà gan-an)
The police (Ọlọ́pàá (náà))            arrested the man (mú ọmọkùnrin náà)

Kókó-gbólóhùn (predicate) gbọ́dọ̀ ni ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (verb) kan nínú, ó kéré tán.

Dídá Olùwà Mọ̀ (Identifying the Subject): A máa ń sábàá dá olùwà (subject) mọ̀ nípa bíbèèrè ìbéèrè tí who (ta) tàbí what (kí) bẹ̀rẹ̀ rẹ̀. Ẹ wo (13) àti (14):
    (13) (a) Olú laughed (Olú rẹ́rìn-ín)
    (b) Who laughed? (Ta ni ó rẹ́rìn-ín?)
    (c) Olú (Olú)
    (14) (a) The house is very beautiful (Ilé náà lẹ́wà gan-an)
    (b) What is very beautiful? (Kí ni ó lẹ́wà gan-an?)
    (c) The house (Ilé náà)
Tí a bá wo gbólóhùn (sentence) tí ó wá ní (13a) tí a fi (13b) ṣe ìbéèrè nípa rẹ̀, a ó rí i pé ọ̀rọ̀ tí a fi dáhùn ìbéèrè yìí ní (13c) ni Olú. Èyí fihàn pé Olú ni olùwà (subject) gbólóhùn (sentence) yìí. Bákan náà ni ní (14). Gbólóhùn (sentence) tí ó wà ní (14a) ni a fi (14b) ṣe ìbéèrè nípa rẹ̀ tí a sì fi the house (ilé náà) ní (14c) ṣe ìdáhùn rẹ̀. The house (ilé náà) tí a fi ṣe ìdáhùn fún ìbéèrè what (kí) yìí ni olùwà (subject) fún gbólóhùn (14a).

Ní afikún, a tún lè dá olùwà (subject) mọ̀ nípa àwọn ọ̀nà wọ̀nyí:
(15) Pípa àyè olùwà (subject) àti aṣèrànwọ́-iṣe (auxiliary verb) dà sí ara wọn nígbà tí a bá sọ gbólóhùn àlàyé di ìbéèrè (Subject-Auxiliary Inversion)
        (a) Gblólóhùn àlayé (Declarative Sentence): Ojo will dance (Òjó yóò jó)
        (b) Gbólóhùn Ìbéèrè (Interrogative Sentence): Will Ojo dance? (Ṣé Òjó yóò jó?)
Nínú gbólóhùn àlayé (declarative sentence) tí ó wà ní (15a), Òjó tí ó jẹ́ olùwà (subject) ni ó ṣaájú will (yóò) tí ó jẹ́ aṣèrànwọ́-ìṣe (auxiliary verb) ṣùgbọ́n ní (15b), a ti pa ipò àwọn méjèèjì dà sí ara wọn nínú gbólóhùn ìbéèrè (interrogative sentence). Òjó tí ó jẹ́ olùwà (subject) ní (15a) tí ó ṣaájú tẹ́lẹ̀ ni ó wá tẹ̀ lé will (yóò) tí ó jẹ́ aṣèrànwọ́-ìṣe (auxiliary verb) ní (15b) ní ibi tí a ti yí gbólóhùn àlàyé (declarative sentence) padà sí gbólóhùn ìbéèrè (interrogative sentence).

(16) Ìbámu olùwà (subject) àti ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe (subject-verb agreement)
Olùwà (subject) gbọ́dọ̀ bá ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe (verb) tí ó tẹ̀ lé e mu ní iye (number), ìyẹn ní ẹyọ (singular) tàbí ọ̀pọ̀ (plural). Ẹ wo gbólóhùn (sentence) (17) àti (18).
    (17) Olùwà tí ó jẹ́ ẹyọ (singular subject): The man cries (Ọkùnrin náà pariwo)
    (18) Olùwà tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀ (plural subject): The men cry (Àwọn ọkùnrin náà pariwo)
Nígbà tí olùwà (subject) jẹ́ ẹyọ (singular), ìyẹn the man (ọkùnrin náà), ọrọ-ìṣe náà jẹ́ ẹyọ (singular), ìyẹn cries (pariwo). Èyí ni a rí nínú gbólóhùn (17). Nínú gbólóhùn (sentence) (18), olùwà, the men (àwọn ọkùnrin náà), jẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀; ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe náà, cry (pariwo), sì jẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀.

Àkíyèsí kan tí ó yẹ kí á ṣe ni pé nígbà tí ọ̀rọ̀-iṣe bá wà ni àsìkò (tense) ìsìnyí (present) nìkan ni ìbámu (agreement) yìí máa ń wáyé. Ní àsìkò ọjọ́un (past), ìbámu (agreement) yìí kìí wáyé. Àwọn gbólóhùn (19) àti (20) fi eléyìí hàn
    (19) Olùwà tí ó jẹ́ ẹyọ (singular subject): The man cried (Ọkùnrin náà pariwo)
    (20) Olùwà tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀ (plural subject): The men cried (Àwọn ọkùunrin náà pariwo)
Nígbà tí olùwà (subject) jẹ́ ẹyọ ní (19), ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe cried (pariwo) ni a lò. Nígbà tí ó sì tún jẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀ (plural) ní (20), ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe cried (pariwo) náà ni a lò. Èyí fi hàn pé òfin ìbámu tí ó ṣiṣẹ́ ní (17) àti (18), nígbà ti àwọn gbólóhùn náà wà ní àsìkò ìsìnyí (present tense), kò ṣiṣẹ́ ní (19) àti (20) nígbà tí àwọn gbólóhùn náà wà ní àsìkò ọjọ́un (past tense).

Yàtọ̀ sí èyí, nígbà tí olùwà (subject) bá jẹ ẹni kẹ́ta ẹyọ (third person singular subject) nìkan ni òfin Ìbámu yìí máa ń ṣiṣẹ́. Òfin yìí kìí ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà tí olùwà (subject) bá jẹ́ ẹni kìíní ẹyọ àti ọ̀pọ̀ (first person singular and plural), ẹni kejì ẹyọ àti ọ̀pọ̀ (second person singular and plural) àti ẹni kẹ́ta ọ̀pọ̀ (third person plural). Àwọn gbólóhùn (sentence) (21) àti (22) fi eléyìí hàn.
    (21) Olùwà tí ó jẹ ẹyọ (singular subject)
        (a) I cry (Mo pariwo)    (b) You cry (O pariwo)
    (22) Olùwà tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀ (plural subject)
        (a) We cry (A pariwo)    (b) You (pl.) cry (Ẹ pariwo)    (c) They cry (Wọ́n pariwo)
A ó rí i wí pé cry (pariwo) ni a lò nínú gbólóhùn (sentence) (21) àti (22). A kò lo cries (pariwo) fún ọ̀kankan nínú wọn.

Yoruba for Academic Purpose

Monday 27 April 2015

Gírámà Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fún Àwọn Alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ (English Grammar for Beginners) - Ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ Kìíní (First Lecture)

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