Yoruba for Academic Purpose: Ìyísodì nínú Ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀ (Negation in Ifẹ̀ Dialect)

Ìyísódì Gbólóhùn Àṣẹ àti Apákan Àpólà Kókó-gbólóhùn tí ó tẹ̀ lé Atọ́ka Ìyísódì nínú Gbólóhùn (The Negation of the Imperative and Part of the Predicate Phrase Following the Negator in a Sentence)

Tí a bá fẹ́ yí gbólóhùn àṣẹ sódì, mọ́ ni a máa ń lò. Wúnrẹn yìí kan náà ni a máa ń lò láti yí àpólà kókó-gbólóhùn sódì̀. A máa ń fa fáwèlì mọ́ yìí gùn. Àfàgùn yìí sì máa ń ní ohùn òkè fún gbólóhùn àṣẹ. Fún kókó-gbólóhùn, ohǹn ìsàlẹ̀ ni àfàgùn yìí máa ń wà tí fáwẹ̀lì atọ́ka ìyísódì fúnra rẹ̀ yóò kúrò ní ohùn òkè yóo di ohùn àárín. Fún àpẹẹrẹ:

Ifẹ̀ Olórí Ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá

Ìyísódì Gbólóhùn Àṣẹ Ìyísódì Gbólóhùn Àṣẹ

(1a) Mọ́ọ̀ lọ (b) Máà lọ

Ìyísódì Àpólà Kókó-gbólóhùn Ìyísódì Àpólà Kókó-gbólóhùn

(2a) Ó lè mọọ̀ lọ (b) Ó lè máà lọ

Ìyísódì Gbólóhùn àti Ìyísódì Àpólà Orúkọ

Ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀ kìí lo kò tàbí kìí fún ìyísódì gbólóhùn. A lè fi ìyísódì gbólóhùn nínú olórí-èka-èdè Yorùbá wé ti Ifẹ̀ báyìí:

Ifẹ̀ Olóri-èka èdè Yorùbá

Ìyísódì Gbólóhùn Ìyísódì Gbólóhùn

(3a) Olúù lọ (b) Olú kò lọ

(4a) Èmi ìí rí i (b) Èmi kìí rí i

Tí a bá fi (3a) wé (3b), a lè fẹ́ sọ pé láti ara (3b) ni a ti ṣẹ̀dá (3a) nípa pípa kóńsónáǹtì tí ó ṣáájú atọ́ka ìyísódì jẹ tí àrànmọ́ sì wá wáyé láàrin fáwẹ̀lì rẹ̀ àti fáwẹ̀lì àpólà orúkọ olùwà. Ní ti (4a) àti (4b), a lè fẹ́ẹ́ sọ pé ìpajẹ kóńsónáǹtì atọ́ka ìyísódì nìkan ni ó ṣẹlẹ̀. Tí a bá wo àwọn àpẹẹrẹ (5)-(7), a ó yí àbá yìí padà.

Ifẹ̀ Olórí Ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá

(5a) Ọbẹ̀ẹẹ̀ gbẹ (b) Ọbẹ̀ kò gbẹ

(6a) Olú ùú ṣé (b) Olú kìí ṣe é

(7a) Mẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (b) N kò lọ

(e) Ọ́ ọ̀ lọ (f) O kò lọ

(g) Ó ò ṣé (h) O kò ṣe é

(i) Á à lọ (j) A kò lọ

(k) Ẹ́ ẹ̀ lọ (l) Ẹ kò lọ

(m) Ẹ́ ẹ̀ ṣé (n) Ẹ kò ṣe é

(o) Ighán àn lọ (p) Wọn kò lọ

(q) Ighán àn ṣé (r) Wọn kò ṣe é

Tí a bá wo atọ́ka ìyísódì ní inú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀ àti olórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá (6) àti (7), a lè fẹ́ sọ pé a pa kóńsónáǹtì atọ́ka ìyísódì inú olórí ẹ̀ka-èdè jẹ ní (6) àti (7) bíi ti (4) tí arànmọ́ sì wá ṣẹlẹ̀ láàrin fáwẹ̀lì olùwà àti ti atọ́ka ìyísódì lati fún wa ní atọ́ka ìyísódì inú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀. Ṣùgbọ́n tí a bá wo (5a), a ó rí í wí pé lẹ́yìn ìpajẹ àti àrànmọ́ yìí, a tún wá rí fáwẹ̀lì kẹ́ta irú àrànmọ́ yìí tí ó ni ohùn ìsàlẹ̀. Àlàyé tí a lè rí ṣe fún eléyìí ni pé tí a bá fẹ́ ṣe àlàyé ìgbésẹ̀ fonọ́lọ́jì tí ó ń wáyé nígbà tí a b́á ń ṣẹ̀dá ìyísódì nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè yìí, a gbọ́dọ̀ wo ìró ohùn tí ó ṣáájú ìyísódì yìí. Ẹ wo àwọn àpẹẹrẹ tí ó wà ní (8-12).

Ifẹ̀ Olórí Ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá

(8a) Ọbẹ̀ ẹẹ̀ gbẹ (b) Ọbẹ̀ kò gbẹ

(e) Òjò oò rọ̀ (f) Òjò kò rọ̀

(9a) Olú ù lọ (b) Olú kò lọ

(10a) Aláṣọ ọ́ọ̀ gha (b) Aláṣọ kò wá

(11a) Ọ̀lẹ ẹ̀ wù mí (b) Ọ̀lẹ kò wù mí

(12a) Òjo òó rọ̀ (b) Òjò kìí rọ̀

(e) Ọmọ́ ọ̀n ọ́n sùn (f) Ọmọ kìí sùn

Tí a bá wo (8) dé (11), a ó rí í wí pé yàtọ̀ sí pé ìró pípajẹ àti àrànmọ́ wáyé, ìró ohùn tí ó ṣáájú atọ́ka ìyísódì ni ó ń sọ irú ẹ̀dá tí irú atọ́ka ìyísódì bẹ́ẹ̀ yóò ní.. Irú nǹkan tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ yìí ni Abraham (1958:xvii) pè ní magnetized tones. Ó tún sọ síwájú pé

Tones flunctuate under the influence of their environment, some succumbing to the influence of words preceding them, while others are affected by what follow.

Irú àkíyèsí kan náà ni Bamgboṣe (1990: 179) ṣe nígbà tí ó ń ṣe àláyé sílébù olóhùn òkè. Lára ohun tí ó sọ ni pé

Nígbà tí olùwà bá dúró ṣáájú àpólà ìṣe, ìyípadà ohùn tàbí ohùn àti sílébù máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ sí sílébù tí ó gbẹ̀yìn olùwà. Òfin tí ó de ìyípadà yìí ni. … A gbọ́dọ̀ fi sílébù olóhùn òkè kún ohùn àárín tó gbẹ̀yìn tí ó sì tẹ̀ lé ohùn òkè …

Irú nǹkan tí ó máa ń ṣẹlẹ sí ìṣẹ̀dá atọ́ka ì̀yísódì nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀ nì yí. Àmì ohùn orí ọ̀rọ̀ tí ó ṣáájú atọ́ka ìyísódì ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀ ni ó máa ń sọ irú ohùn tí atọ́ka ìyísódì bẹ́ẹ̀ yóò ní. Ní (8) tí atọ́ka ìyísódì ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀ ti ní àmì ohùn kan náà, atóka ìyísódì tẹ̀ lé àmi ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ tí àmì ohùn àárin ṣáájú ní (8a). Ní (8c), ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ tí ohùn òkè ṣáájú ni atọ́ka ìyísódì tẹ̀ lé . Ní (8e), ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ tí ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ mìíràn ṣáájú ni atọ́ka ìyísódì tẹ̀ lé. Ní (9), Ohùn òkè tí ohùn àárín ṣáájú ni atọ́ka ìyísódì tẹ̀ lé ní (9a). Ohùn àárín tí ohùn àárín mìíràn ṣáájú (ata) ni ó ṣáájú atọ́ka ìyísódì ní (9c). Ní (10a), atọ́ka ìyísódì tẹ̀ lé ohùn àárín tí ohùn òkè ṣáájú. Ní (11), atọ́ka ìyísódì tẹ̀lé ohùn àárín tí ohùn àárín mìíràn ṣáájú.

Ní ibi tí a bá ti lo atọ́ka ìyísódì kìí nínú olórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá bíi ti (6b), Ifẹ̀ máa ń lo ẹ̀yà tí ó wà ní (6a) àyàfi:

(13a) nígbà tí atọ́ka ìyísódì bá tẹ̀ lé ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ tí ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ mìíràn ṣáájú bíi ti (12a) níbi tí ohùn àárín ti ṣáájú ohùn ìsàlè ti ó śáájú atọ́ka ìyísódì

(b) nígbà ti atọ́ka ìyísódì bá tẹ̀ lé ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ tí ohùn àárín ṣáájú bíi ti (12d), a máa ń fa ohùn ìsàlè. ara olùwà gùn (tí ó jẹ́ olè níbí yìí) tí àfàgùn yìí yóò sì ní ohùn àárín.

(c) nígbà ti atọ́ka ìyísódì bá tẹ̀ lé ohùn àárín tí ohùn àárín mìíràn ṣáájú bíi (12f) níbi tí ohùn òkè tí ó ṣáájú atọ́ka ìyísódì ti yí padà sí àárín.

Ó yẹ kí a mẹ́nu ba ìyísódì arọ́pò-orúkọ ẹni kẹ́ta tí a kò sọ̀rọ̀ nípa rẹ̀ nizgbà tí a ń sòrọ̀̀ nípa àwọn àpẹẹrẹ tí ó wà ní (7). Abimbola àti Oyelaran (1975: 42) dábàá àwọn òfin kan tí a máa ń lò tí a bá fẹ́ pa kóńsónáǹtì jẹ. Òfin méjì tí wọ́n fún wa fún ìpajẹ kóńsónáǹtì ni:

(14a) Obligatory deletion of the 3^rd sing. Pro. Before kò/kì ‘NEG’, yóò ‘will’ and kì ‘PROBABLE’.

(b) The optional deletion of the initial segment of a grammatical formative that follows one formative and precedes another item

Ọkan nínú àwon òfin méjì yìí ni a lè lò fún wúnrẹ̀n kan. Tí a bá wo (15) àti (16), a ó rí i pé (14a) ni olórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá mú lò nígbà tí ifẹ̀ mú (14b) lò.

Olórí Ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá

(15a) *Ó kò lọ (b) Kò lọ

Ifẹ̀

(16) *Ẹ kò lọ (b) *Ẹ́ ò lọ (c) Ẹ̀ ẹ̀ lọ

Ní (15a), òfin (14a) ni a mú lò ní kan-ń-pá láti fún wa ni (15b). Ní (16a), òfin (14b) ni a mú lò ní kan-ń-pá láti fún wa ní (16b). Lẹ́yìn èyí ni àrànmọ́ wá wáyé láti fún wa ní (16c).

Àkójọ Orúkọ Ìwé

Abimbola, W. and O. Oyelaran (1975), ‘Consonant Elision in Yorùbá’, African Language Studies 16: 37-60.

Abraham, R.C. (1958), Dictionary of Modern Yoruba. London: University of London Press.

Adetugbo, A. (1967), ‘The Yoruba Language in Western Nigeria: Its Major Dialeect Areas.’ PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.

Adetugbo, A. (1973), ‘The Yoruba language in Yoruba History’, in Sources of Yoruba History, edited by S.O. Biobaku, pp. 176-204. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Adewole, L.O. (1996), ‘Ife Pronouns in Polylectal Grammar’, Journal of Nigerian Languages and Literatures2: 56-63.

Arohunmolase, O. (1987), Agbeyewo Idagbasoke Ede ati Yoruba Akoto Yoruba. Ibadan: Onibonoje Press and Books Industries (NIG) Ltd.

Awobuluyi, O. (1992), ‘Aspects of Contemporary Standard Yoruba in Dialectological perspective’, in New findings in Yoruba Studies, edited by A. Isola, pp. 1-79, Ibadan: JF Odunjo Memorial Lecture.

Chambers, J.K. and Peter Trudgill (1980), Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (1996), ‘Slip of Mother Tongue’, the Independent on Sunday (January 4 ed.), p. 7.

Doipohyne, Florence (1976), ‘Dialect Differences and Historical Records in Akan’, Legon Journal of the Humanities 2: 15-27.

Trudgill, Peter (1984), Dialects, edited by Richard Hudson. London: Routledge.

Yoruba for Academic Purpose

Wednesday, 3 June 2015

Ìyísodì nínú Ẹ̀ka-èdè Ifẹ̀ (Negation in Ifẹ̀ Dialect)

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